When I talk to developers about code complexity, they often say that they want to write simple code, but deadline pressure or underlying issues mean that they just don’t have the time or knowledge necessary to both complete the task and refine it to simplicity.
Well, it’s certainly true that putting time pressure on developers tends to lead to them writing complex code. However, deadlines don’t have to lead to complexity. Instead of saying “This deadline prevents me from writing simple code,” one could equally say, “I am not a fast-enough programmer to make this simple.” That is, the faster you are as a programmer, the less your code quality has to be affected by deadlines.
Now, that’s nice to say, but how does one actuallybecome faster? Is it a magic skill that people are born with? Do you become fast by being somehow “smarter” than other people?
No, it’s not magic or in-born at all. In fact, there is just one simple rule that, if followed, will eventually solve the problem entirely:
Any time you find yourself stopping to think, something is wrong.
Perhaps that sounds incredible, but it works remarkably well. Think about it—when you’re sitting in front of your editor but not coding very quickly, is it because you’re a slow typer? I doubt it—“having to type too much” is rarely a developer’s productivity problem. Instead, the pauses where you’re not typing are what make it slow. And what are developers usually doing during those pauses? Stopping to think—perhaps about the problem, perhaps about the tools, perhaps about email, whatever. But any time this happens, it indicates a problem.
The thinking is not the problem itself—it is a sign of some other problem. It could be one of many different issues:
Understanding
The most common reason developers stop to think is that they did not fully understand some word or symbol.
This happened to me just the other day. It was taking me hours to write what should have been a really simple service. I kept stopping to think about it, trying to work out how it should behave. Finally, I realized that I didn’t understand one of the input variables to the primary function. I knew the name of its type, but I had never gone and read the definition of the type—I didn’t really understand what that variable (a word or symbol) meant. As soon as I looked up the type’s code and docs, everything became clear and I wrote that service like a demon (pun partially intended).
This can happen in almost infinite ways. Many people dive into a programming language without learning what (, ), [, ], {, }, +, *, and % really mean in that language. Some developers don’t understand how the computer really works. Remember when I wrote The Singular Secret of the Rockstar Programmer? This is why! Because when you truly understand, you don’t have to stop to think. It’s also a major motivation behind my book—understanding that there are unshakable laws to software design can eliminate a lot of the “stopping to think” moments.
So if you find that you are stopping to think, don’t try to solve the problem in your mind—search outside of yourself for what you didn’t understand. Then go lookat something that will help you understand it. This even applies to questions like “Will a user ever read this text?” You might not have a User Experience Research Department to really answer that question, but you can at least make a drawing, show it to somebody, and ask their opinion. Don’t just sit there and think—do something. Only action leads to understanding.
Drawing
Sometimes developers stop to think because they can’t hold enough concepts in their mind at once—lots of things are relating to each other in a complex way and they have to think through it. In this case, it’s almost always more efficient to write or draw something than it is to think about it. What you want is something you can look at, or somehow perceive outside of yourself. This is a form of understanding, but it’s special enough that I wanted to call it out on its own.
Starting
Sometimes the problem is “I have no idea what code to start writing.” The simplest solution here is to just start writing whatever code you know that you canwrite right now. Pick the part of the problem that you understand completely, and write the solution for that—even if it’s just one function, or an unimportant class.
Often, the simplest piece of code to start with is the “core” of the application. For example, if I was going to write a YouTube app, I would start with the video player. Think of it as an exercise in continuous delivery—write the code that would actually make a productfirst, no matter how silly or small that product is. A video player without any other UI is a product that does something useful (play video), even if it’s not acomplete product yet.
If you’re not sure how to write even that core code yet, then just start with the code you are sure about. Generally I find that once a piece of the problem becomes solved, it’s much easier to solve the rest of it. Sometimes the problem unfolds in steps—you solve one part, which makes the solution of the next part obvious, and so forth. Whichever part doesn’t require much thinking to create, write that part now.
Skipping a Step
Another specialized understanding problem is when you’ve skipped some step in the proper sequence of development. For example, let’s say our Bike object depends on the Wheels, Pedals, and Frame objects. If you try to write the whole Bike object without writing the Wheels, Pedals, or Frame objects, you’re going to have to think a lot about those non-existent classes. On the other hand, if you write the Wheels class when there is no Bike class at all, you might have to think a lot about how the Wheels class is going to be used by the Bike class.
The right solution there would be to implement enough of the Bike class to get to the point where you need Wheels. Then write enough of the Wheels class to satisfy your immediate need in the Bike class. Then go back to the Bike class, and work on that until the next time you need one of the underlying pieces. Just like the “Starting” section, find the part of the problem that you can solve without thinking, and solve that immediately.
Don’t jump over steps in the development of your system and expect that you’ll be productive.
Physical Problems
If I haven’t eaten enough, I tend to get distracted and start to think because I’m hungry. It might not be thoughts about my stomach, but I wouldn’t be thinking if I were full—I’d be focused. This can also happen with sleep, illness, or any sort of body problem. It’s not as common as the “understanding” problem from above, so first always look for something you didn’t fully understand. If you’re really sure you understoodeverything, then physical problems could be a candidate.
Distractions
When a developer becomes distracted by something external, such as noise, it can take some thinking to remember where they were in their solution. The answer here is relatively simple—before you start to develop, make sure that you are in an environment that will not distract you, or make it impossible for distractions to interrupt you. Some people close the door to their office, some people put on headphones, some people put up a “do not disturb” sign—whatever it takes. You might have to work together with your manager or co-workers to create a truly distraction-free environment for development.
Self-doubt
Sometimes a developer sits and thinks because they feel unsure about themselves or their decisions. The solution to this is similar to the solution in the “Understanding” section—whatever you are uncertain about, learn more about it until you become certain enough to write code. If you just feel generally uncertain as a programmer, it might be that there aremany things to learn more about, such as the fundamentals listed in Why Programmers Suck. Go through each piece you need to learn until you really understand it, then move on to the next piece, and so on. There will always be learning involved in the process of programming, but as you know more and more about it, you will become faster and faster and have to think less and less.
False Ideas
Many people have been told that thinking is what smart people do, thus, they stop to think in order to make intelligent decisions. However, this is a false idea. If thinking alone made you a genius, theneverybody would be Einstein. Truly smart people learn, observe, decide, and act. They gain knowledge and then use that knowledge to address the problems in front of them. If you really want to be smart, use your intelligence to cause action in the physical universe—don’t use it just to think great thoughts to yourself.
Caveat
All of the above is the secret to being a fast programmer when you are sitting and writing code. If you are caught up all day in reading email and going to meetings, then no programming happens whatsoever—that’s a different problem. Some aspects of it aresimilar (it’s a bit like the organization “stopping to think,”) but it’s not the same.
Still, there are some analogous solutions you could try. Perhaps the organization does not fully understandyou or your role, which is why they’re sending you so much email and putting you in so many meetings. Perhaps there’s something about the organization that you don’t fully understand, such as how to go to fewer meetings and get less email. Maybe even some organizational difficulties can be resolved by adapting the solutions in this post to groups of people instead of individuals.
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